The Blogora: The Rhetoric Society of America

 

Graduate Education and the Organization of "Research"

Submitted by Jim Aune on February 7, 2007 - 5:20am


Almost all Comm rhetoricians I know are social-science-phobes. There is good reason for that; starting in the 1970's, quantitative researchers (usually with roots at Michigan State) began campaigns to purge rhetoricians at a number of programs (it sort of parallels the war on political theorists and public law scholars in political science departments). But things have changed; the rise of qualitative research has blurred the lines between the humanities and social sciences in many Communication department, notably my own. I am currently co-directing two organizational communication dissertations and one health communication dissertation. It also helps that there is strong support for rhetoric in my department. But there are differences in the organization of the social scientists' research that I want to discuss. One is something I've mentioned earlier, and have been roundly criticized for: the idea that dissertation directors and writers should have a common basis of expertise, leading to a coherent research program improving knowledge in a specialized area (e.g. presidential rhetoric, legal rhetoric). The second is one I want to ask about here; graduate students in the social sciences are early on initiated into the craft of research amd publishing by participating on team projects, leading to multiple-authored publications (with the idea that the student eventually rises to the top of the "et al." list). Other than Celeste Condit's genetics project at Georgia, I can't think of an equivalent in rhetoric. Rhetoricians tend to be solitary (if not nasty, brutish, and short) in their habits.There is some co-authoring, yes, but not teams that could tackle larger projects. So, I guess I'm asking: 1. How could we improve socializing grad students into the research process (I'm sure there are some "best practices" out there) and 2. Are there examples of larger team projects we could encourage?

Submitted by Splash Gordon on February 9, 2007 - 9:13am.

We've got some mojo cookin' in Pittsburgh on this front. In our DAWG discussions last fall, a common theme was how the co-authorship issue is an important one for debate scholars to tackle, because the disconnect between modes of knowledge production in academic debate (mostly collaborative) and rhetorical scholarship (mostly lone work) is a gulf that makes it difficult for some debaters to make the transition from debater/coach to productive scholar. Our guidelines (posted in the comment section of the above mojo link) respond to that exigence, and we're happy to report that our first collaborative effort on a forum piece is forthcoming in Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies. We built language from our group's co-authorship guidelines into the biographical statement accompanying the article:

Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction

Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison,
John Rief, and Carly Woods

Abstract: This essay examines the perceptions and realities of how the technique of academic switch-side debating can pose a threat to entrenched discourses of homeland security. Using the public controversy surrounding the 1954 intercollegiate debate topic as a point of departure, we explore how principles of debate practice can favorably shape public deliberation. A cautionary strain of our analysis unfolds as we consider how the debate technique can be misappropriated to justify violence in the name of democracy.

Keywords: Debate, democracy, homeland security, McCarthyism, military tribunals.

Biographical statement: This essay grew out of collaborative research by the Schenley Park Debate Authors Working Group (DAWG), a consortium of public argument scholars at University of Pittsburgh. Founded in 2005, the Schenley Park DAWG strives to generate rigorous scholarship addressing the role of argumentation and debate in society. First author Eric English led work on this DAWG essay, while the co-authors each contributed substantially in areas of conceptual design, research, and writing. Gordon Mitchell is Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh. Each of the other co-authors is a graduate student in the Department of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh. All are past or present Pitt debate coaches.

We'd like to give a DAWG bark-out to Barbara Biesecker, forum editor at CCCS, for being so supportive about the co-authorship idea. And we'd love to get feedback on our Schenley Park DAWG guidelines and hear about similar initiatives to generate guidelines in the field.

Gordo
http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/

Submitted by Jim Aune on February 11, 2007 - 11:14am.

Thank you so much for this example; it's inspiring not only as an example of group work but also for helping re-integrate debate into the scholarly mainstream. (And a big Aggieland Whoop! for Steve Llano.)

Submitted by slewfoot on February 7, 2007 - 10:19am.

And the exigency behind them bespeaks an anxiety that is thick here (and elsewhere) at UT Austin: the move to the "business model." "Team projects" inspire "social-science-phobia" because I think many fear it is the tail wagging the dog. The elitist, virtuoso critic model of rhetorical studies thrives on the kind of freedom of object-choice that such team-projects prima facie seem to threaten. I'm not saying that they do, actually, it's just my hunch that rhetoricians fear the multi-authored project because it represents what our fellow Texan Roy Orbison once sang: "workin for The Man."

I know that doesn't answer the question, though. One thing that would have to change in a larger, structural sense is the first-author bias of senior colleagues in rhetorical studies (at least on the comm studies side). When one sees one of the Condit et al.'s eight authored thingies, the bias is to think that Condit did it and everyone else jumped on (or perhaps made a comment in an elevator and, wham, they appeared as an author). Even when I co-author something with someone my own seniors would prefer my name go first (even though we usually work "evenly"). I think Sloop and Ono/Ono and Sloop used to write "each author contributed equally to this essay" in the author note, which signals the probelm with the first-author bias.

As for socializing students: we need to co-author with our students more. I've tried to do this the minute I got a job, taking on a project with a student every other year or so. It's still my personal practice to do so. Working with someone through the process is great for them--and for me. It is truly the case two minds are better than one, and I would say my best work has been done in concert with another.

Second, there are some good examples of larger team projects. UGA, I believe, received a massive grant to do analyses of tobacco company documents. For some this may represent the tail wagging the dog, but for others--especially the grads working on the project--it's a great way to learn about publishing. Barry Brummett here at UT pitched an edited book project to a publisher, almost every chapter of which is written by a graduate student. I think the project got a green light, and students have been really enjoying the process (so they tell me).

Regarding the latter: perhaps this is a good way for the soli(d)tary and brutish rhetorician to socialize folks into publication? Why not start turning these big RSA and NCA panels and summer workshops into book projects? It's not like we're overflowing with edited book collections in rhetorical studies. And Taylor and Francies seems to publish an edited collection faster than Microsoft issues software patches.

Heck: there's been some neat posts on the blog here from grads and not-so-long-ago grads that might make for a good, first ever edited blogora book project. One could post every step of the process on the blog and make the whole deal transparent (provided a given publisher would not mind the transparency).

Submitted by Omri Ceren on February 8, 2007 - 12:36am.

In economics, co-authorship is listed strictly according to alphabetical order. This, it turns out, creates its own problems:

A new paper (free, working version, Winter 06, JEP) demonstrates that these effects have important consequences for careers in economics. Faculty members in top departments with surnames beginning with letters earlier in the alphabet are substantially more likely to be tenured, be fellows of the Econometrics Society, and even win Nobel prizes (let's see, Arrow, Buchanan Coase...hmmm). No such effects are found in psychology where the alphabetical norm is not followed.

As you say, the ideal would be to assume that every co-author contributes equally (or rather, I guess, for every co-author to actually contribute equally). But it seems like the bias toward privileging first authors is deeper (and frankly weirder). Something's going on that gives priority to first authors even when everyone knows that order has nothing to do with contributions.

Submitted by Cynthia on February 7, 2007 - 3:08pm.

Speaking from a rhet/comp perspective, I am all for more project-based work in rhetorical studies in general (whichever hybrid rhetorics you hail as your rhetorical bailiwick) both on the part of faculty and students. I spent last year teaching in Denmark at a university where projects were the norm, and not necessarily because students were on industry trajectories, or faculty were expected to go after funding tied to projects. It is the norm for students to do group exams, for example, even at the high school level. Heck, I even got stuck in downtown Copenhagen in a massive high school student demonstration against the possibility that the government was going to eliminate the group exams. Every group project I supervised was completely amazing (not because of my input, I assure you) because the students all know how to collaborate and foster it in each other. Now, couple this with the trend in rhet/comp to teach multimodal compositions, which are (I think) best produced as 'projects,' and I see a great potential for rhetorical studies to come out of the single-authored closet, so to speak. Multimodal, multi-authored, multi-xxx.